Sensory Receptors Can Be Classified According to Their Source of Stimulus
Nomenclature of Receptors by Stimulus
Sensory receptors are primarily classified as chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, or photoreceptors.
Learning Objectives
Differentiate amidst the types of stimuli to which receptors respond
Cardinal Takeaways
Key Points
- Chemoreceptors detect the presence of chemicals.
- Thermoreceptors notice changes in temperature.
- Mechanoreceptors detect mechanical forces.
- Photoreceptors detect light during vision.
- More specific examples of sensory receptors are baroreceptors, propioceptors, hygroreceptors, and osmoreceptors.
- Sensory receptors perform countless functions in our bodies mediating vision, hearing, taste, touch, and more than.
Key Terms
- photoreceptor: A specialized neuron able to detect and react to light.
- mechanoreceptor: Whatever receptor that provides an organism with information virtually mechanical changes in its environment such as movement, tension, and pressure.
- baroreceptor: A nervus catastrophe that is sensitive to changes in claret force per unit area.
Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a response in the receptor. Broadly, sensory receptors respond to ane of four primary stimuli:
- Chemicals (chemoreceptors)
- Temperature (thermoreceptors)
- Force per unit area (mechanoreceptors)
- Calorie-free (photoreceptors)
A schematic of the classes of sensory receptors: Sensory receptor cells differ in terms of morphology, location, and stimulus.
All sensory receptors rely on one of these four capacities to find changes in the environs, but may be tuned to detect specific characteristics of each to perform a specific sensory function. In some cases, the mechanism of activity for a receptor is not articulate. For example, hygroreceptors that answer to changes in humidity and osmoreceptors that reply to the osmolarity of fluids may practice and so via a mechanosensory machinery or may detect a chemical characteristic of the environment.
Sensory receptors perform countless functions in our bodies. During vision, rod and cone photoreceptors answer to light intensity and color. During hearing, mechanoreceptors in hair cells of the inner ear detect vibrations conducted from the eardrum. During taste, sensory neurons in our taste buds detect chemic qualities of our foods including sweet, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and umami (savory taste). During smell, olfactory receptors recognize molecular features of wafting odors. During affect, mechanoreceptors in the peel and other tissues respond to variations in pressure.
Classification of Sensory Receptors
Acceptable Stimulus
Adequate stimulus can exist used to allocate sensory receptors. A sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the acceptable sensory transduction apparatus.
| Sensory receptors with corresponding stimuli to which they respond. | |
|---|---|
| Receptor | Stimulus |
| Apmullae of Lorenzini (primarily office as electroreceptors) | Electric fields, salinity, and temperature |
| Baroreceptors | Pressure in blood vessels |
| Chemo receptors | Chemical stimuli |
| Electromagnetic radiation receptors | Electromagnetic radiations |
| Electroreceptors | Electrofields |
| Hydroreceptors | Humidity |
| Infrared receptors | Infrared radiation |
| Magnetoreceptors | Magnetic fields |
| Mechanoreceptors | Mechanical stress or strain |
| Nociceptors | Impairment or threat of damage to body tissues (leads to pain perception) |
| Osmoreceptors | Osmolarity of fluids |
| Photoreceptors | Visible light |
| Proprioceptors | Sense of position |
| Thermoreceptors | Temperature |
| Ultraviolet receptors | Ultraviolet radiation |
Location
Sensory receptors tin can exist classified past location:
- Cutaneous receptors are sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis.
- Muscle spindles contain mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles.
Morphology
Somatic sensory receptors about the surface of the pare can usually be divided into 2 groups based on morphology:
- Gratuitous nerve endings characterize the nociceptors and thermoreceptors.
- Encapsulated receptors consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors. Encapsulation exists for specialized performance.
Charge per unit of Adaptation
A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus, while a phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus.
Nomenclature of Receptors by Location
Some sensory receptors tin exist classified by the physical location of the receptor.
Learning Objectives
Differentiate amid sensory receptors by location
Key Takeaways
Key Points
- Sensory receptors that share a common location often share a related role.
- Sensory receptors code iv aspects of a stimulus: modality (or type), intensity, location, and duration.
- Cutaneous touch receptors and muscle spindle receptors are both mechanoreceptors, but they differ in location.
Key Terms
- cutaneous touch receptor: A type of sensory receptor establish in the dermis or epidermis of the skin.
- muscle spindle: Sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily notice changes in the length of this muscle.
Types of Receptors
As we exist in the world, our bodies are tasked with receiving, integrating, and interpreting ecology inputs that provide information about our internal and external environments. Our brains commonly receive sensory stimuli from our visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory systems.
Remarkably, specialized receptors take evolved to transmit sensory inputs from each of these sensory systems. Sensory receptors lawmaking four aspects of a stimulus:
- Modality (or type)
- Intensity
- Location
- Duration
Receptors are sensitive to discrete stimuli and are oft classified by both the systemic function and the location of the receptor.
Sensory receptors are found throughout our bodies, and sensory receptors that share a common location frequently share a common function. For example, sensory receptors in the retina are almost entirely photoreceptors. Our skin includes bear on and temperature receptors, and our inner ears comprise sensory mechanoreceptors designed for detecting vibrations acquired by sound or used to maintain balance.
Force -sensitive mechanoreceptors provide an instance of how the placement of a sensory receptor plays a role in how our brains procedure sensory inputs. While the cutaneous touch receptors found in the dermis and epidermis of our skin and the muscle spindles that detect stretch in skeletal muscle are both mechanoreceptors, they serve detached functions.
In both cases, the mechanoreceptors observe physical forces that issue from the motion of the local tissue, cutaneous touch receptors provide information to our brain most the external environment, while muscle spindle receptors provide information virtually our internal surroundings.
Muscle spindle: Mammalian musculus spindle showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (middle), and an expanded schematic (correct). The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply consisting of several intrafusal muscle fibers. The sensory endings of a principal (group Ia) afferent and a secondary (grouping Ii) afferent whorl around the not-contractile key portions of the intrafusal fibers.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/sensory-receptors/
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